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{{Short description|Unique numeric book identifier since 1970}} | name = International Standard Book Number

{{Short description|Serial number used to identify a periodical publication}} | name = International Standard Serial Number

{{short description|ISO standard unique string identifier for a digital object}} | number =

{{short description|Citation style that uses numbers within the text to cite references}} …reference-styles|date=|access-date=2016-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Uniform Requirements for Manus

| number = …rl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728014634/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK153388/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

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…数”。它通过取我们数值数据集中所讨论的两个变量的协方差与它们方差的平方根的比值获得。数学上，简单地将两个变量的[[covariance]]除以它们[[standard deviation]]的乘积。[[Karl Pearson]]从[[Francis Galton]]的一个类似 …/math]，它们具有[[expected value]]s [math]\mu_X[/math] 和 [math]\mu_Y[/math] 以及[[standard deviation]]s [math]\sigma_X[/math] 和 [math]\sigma_Y[/math]，定义如下